1.1 what is the internet?
<what is the Internet?>
1. we can describe the nuts and bolts of the Internet,
2. we can describe the Internet in terms of a networking infrastructure that provides services to distributed applications
<1.1.1 A Nuts-and-Bolts Description>
End systems are connected together by a network of communication links and packet switches.
When one end system has data to send to another end system, the sending end system
segments the data and adds header bytes to each segment
The resulting packages of information,
known as packets in the jargon of computer networks, are then sent through the network to the
destination end system, where they are reassembled into the original data.
Packet switches come in many shapes and flavors,
but the two most prominent types in today’s Internet are routers and link-layer switches
Link-layer switches are typically used in access networks, while routers are typically used in the network core.
End systems access the Internet through Internet Service Providers (ISPs), including residential ISPs
such as local cable or telephone companies; corporate ISPs; university ISPs; ISPs that provide WiFi
access in airports, hotels, coffee shops, and other public places; and cellular data ISPs, providing
mobile access to our smartphones and other devices
ISPs provide a variety of types of network access to the end systems,
including residential broadband access such as cable modem or DSL, high-speed local area network
access, and mobile wireless access.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the
Internet Protocol (IP) are two of the most important protocols in the Internet.
The IETF standards documents are called requests for comments (RFCs). RFCs
started out as general requests for comments (hence the name) to resolve network and protocol design
problems that faced the precursor to the Internet [Allman 2011].
They define protocols such as TCP, IP, HTTP (for the Web), and SMTP (for e-mail).
<1.1.2 A Services Description>
Importantly, Internet applications run on end systems they do not run in the packet switches in the network core
Although packet switches facilitate the
exchange of data among end systems, they are not concerned with the application that is the source or
sink of data
End systems attached to the Internet provide a socket interface that specifies how a program running
on one end system asks the Internet infrastructure to deliver data to a specific destination program
running on another end system
This Internet socket interface is a set of rules that the sending program
must follow so that the Internet can deliver the data to the destination program
<1.1.3 What Is a Protocol?>
Note that in our human protocol, there are specific messageswe send, and specific actions we take in response to the received reply messages or other events (such as no reply within some given amount of time)
All activity in the Internet that involves two or more communicating remote entities is governed by a protocol
protocols in routers determine a packet’s path from source to destination
Protocols are running everywhere in the Internet
A protocol defines the format and the order of messages exchanged between two or more
communicating entities, as well as the actions taken on the transmission and/or receipt of a message
or other event.