The Internet’s end systems include desktop computers (e.g., desktop PCs, Macs, and Linux boxes), servers (e.g., Web and e-mail servers),
and mobile devices (e.g., laptops, smartphones, and tablets)
End systems are also referred to as hosts because they host (that is, run) application programs such as
a Web browser program, a Web server program, an e-mail client program, or an e-mail server program.
Hosts are sometimes further divided into two categories: clients and servers
clients : desktop and mobile PCs, smartphones, and so on
servers: large data centers
<1.2.1 Access Networks>
access network—the network that physically connects an end system to the first router (also known as
the “edge router”) on a path from the end system to any other distant end system.
Today, the two most prevalent types of broadband residential access are digital subscriber line (DSL)
and cable.
The home’s DSL modem takes digital data and translates it to high frequency tones for transmission over telephone wires to the CO; the analog signals from many such houses are translated back into digital format at the DSLAM.
This approach makes the single DSL link appear as if there were three separate links, so that a
telephone call and an Internet connection can share the DSL link at the same time.
On the customer side,
a splitter separates the data and telephone signals arriving to the home and forwards the data signal tothe DSL modem.
On the telco side, in the CO, the DSLAM separates the data and phone signals and
sends the data into the Internet
While DSL makes use of the telco’s existing local telephone infrastructure, cable Internet access
makes use of the cable television company’s existing cable television infrastructure
Cable internet access requires special modems, called cable modems. As with a DSL modem, the cablemodem is typically an external device and connects to the home PC through an Ethernet port.
Cable modems divide the HFC network into two channels, a downstream and an upstream channel.
One important characteristic of cable Internet access is that it is a shared broadcast medium.
an up-and-coming technology that provides even higher speeds is fiber to the home (FTTH)
As the name suggests, the FTTH concept is simple—provide an optical fiber path from the CO directly to the home.
FTTH can potentially provide Internet access rates in the gigabits per second range. However, most
FTTH ISPs provide different rate offerings, with the higher rates naturally costing more money.
Access in the Enterprise (and the Home): Ethernet and WiFi
On corporate and university campuses, and increasingly in home settings, a local area network (LAN) is
used to connect an end system to the edge router
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